Gum diseases might be categorized into two broad groups, namely gingivitis and periodontitis.
Gingivitis is an inflammation from the gingivae (gums) in all of the ages but manifests more often in children and adults.
Periodontitis can be an inflammation with subsequent destruction with the other tooth-supporting structures, namely the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and subsequent decrease of teeth. This issue mainly manifests at the begining of mid-life with severity increasing from the elderly.
Gingivitis can or may progress to periodontitis state within an individual.
Gum diseases have been located to become probably the most widespread chronic diseases around the world having a prevalence which is between 90 and 100 per cent in adults over 35 yrs . old in developing countries. It’s already been confirmed to be the main cause of loss of teeth in individuals 40 years and above.
Halitosis bad breath is one of the major consequences of gum diseases.
Many of the terms which might be greatly connected with halitosis bad breath and gum diseases are the following:
Dental Plaque- The primary requirement of the prevention and treating a condition can be an knowledge of its causes. The principal cause of gum diseases is bacteria, which form a fancy about the tooth surface referred to as plaque. These bacteria’s would be the cause of halitosis bad breath.
Dental plaque is bacterial accumulations on the teeth or any other solid oral structures. If it’s of sufficient thickness, it seems being a whitish, yellowish layer mainly across the gum margins for the tooth surface. Its presence may also be discerned by way of a conventional dye or fluorescent dye (demonstrated by illumination with ultraviolet light), disclosing solution or by scraping the tooth surface over the gum margins.
When plaque is examined underneath the microscope, it reveals many various kinds of bacteria. Some desquamated oral epithelial cells and white blood cells are often present. The micro-organisms detected vary in accordance with the site where they may be present.
There are gram positive and gram negative organisms, filamentous and flagellated organisms, spirochetes and occasionally small variety of even yeasts, mycoplasma and protozoa.
Clean tooth surfaces after brushing are normally covered by a skinny layer of glycoproteins from saliva called pellicle. Pellicle provides for the selective adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface.
Through the first couple of hours, the bacteria proliferate in order to create colonies. Additionally, other organisms will likely populate the pellicle from adjacent areas to form a complex accumulation of mixed colonies. The fabric present between the bacteria is known as intermicrobial matrix forming about 25 per cent in the plaque volume. This matrix is especially extra cellular carbohydrate polymers made by the bacteria from dietary sugars; salivary and gingival fluid components; and dying and dead bacteria.
Little plaque are compatible with gingival or periodontal health. A lot of people can resist larger amounts of plaque for long periods without developing destructive periodontitis (inflammation and destruction from the supporting tissues) but they will exhibit gingivitis (inflammation in the gums or gingiva).
Diet And Plaque Formation- Diet may play a significant part in plaque formation by modifying the quantity and composition of plaque. More the plaque formation would be, there will be more smelly breath.
Fermentable sugars increase plaque formation because they provide additional energy supply for bacterial metabolic process in addition provide the garbage (substrate) for that manufacture of extra cellular polysaccharides.
Secondary Factors
Although plaque could be the primary cause of gum diseases, a number of others deemed secondary factors, local and systemic, predispose towards plaque accumulation or affect the response of gum tissue to plaque. The neighborhood factors are:
1) Cavities from the teeth;
2) Faulty fillings;
3) Food impaction;
4) Poorly designed partial dentures (false teeth);
5) Orthodontic appliances;
6) Misaligned teeth;
7) mouth-breathing
8) Grooves on teeth or roots near gum margins;
9) Reduced salivary flow; and,
10) Tobacco smoking.
The systemic factors which potentially affect the gum tissues are:
1) Systemic diseases, e.g. diabetes, Down’s syndrome, AIDS, blood disorders among others;
2) Hormonal changes – during puberty, pregnancy, contraceptives intake and menopause;
3) Drug reactions, e.g. immunosuppressive drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antiepileptic drugs; and,
4) Dietary and nutritional factors, e.g. protein deficiency and ascorbic acid and B deficiency.
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